What Are Prepositional Phrases in English Grammar

Like adjectives and adverbs, prepositional phrases add meaning to the nouns and verbs in our sentences. Take a look at the two prepositional phrases in the following sentence: The steamy air in the kitchen reeked of stale food. The first prepositional phrase --  in the kitchen --  modifies the noun air; the second --  of stale food --modifies the verb reeked. The two phrases provide information that helps us understand the sentence as a whole. The Two Parts of a Prepositional Phrase A prepositional phrase has two basic parts: a preposition plus one or more nouns or pronouns  that serve as the object of the preposition. A preposition is a word that shows how a noun or a pronoun is related to another word in a sentence. The common prepositions are listed in the table at the end of this article. Building Sentences With Prepositional Phrases Prepositional phrases often do more than just add minor details to a sentence: sometimes theyre needed for a sentence to make sense. Consider the vagueness of this sentence without prepositional phrases: The workers gather a rich variety and distribute it. Now see how the sentence comes into focus when we add prepositional phrases: From many sources, the workers at the Community Food Bank gather a rich variety of surplus and unsalable food and distribute it to soup kitchens, day-care centers, and homes for the elderly. Notice how these added prepositional phrases give us more information about certain nouns and verbs in the sentence: Which workers?The workers at the Community Food Bank.What did they gather?A rich variety of surplus and unsalable food.Where did they gather the food?From many sources.Who did they distribute it to?To soup kitchens, day-care centers, and homes for the elderly. Like the other simple modifiers, prepositional phrases are not merely ornaments; they add details that can help us understand a sentence. Arranging Prepositional Phrases A prepositional phrase often appears after the word it modifies, as in this sentence: Ben slipped on the top rung of the ladder. In this sentence, the phrase on the top rung modifies and directly follows the verb slipped, and the phrase of the ladder modifies and directly follows the noun rung. Like adverbs, prepositional phrases that modify verbs can sometimes be shifted to either the beginning or the end of a sentence. This is worth keeping in mind when you want to break up a long string of prepositional phrases, as shown here: Original: We walked down to a souvenir shop on the waterfront after breakfast in our hotel room.Revised: After breakfast in our hotel room, we walked down to a souvenir shop on the waterfront. The best arrangement is one thats clear and uncluttered. Building With Simple Modifiers Use adjectives, adverbs, and prepositional phrases to expand the sentence below. Add details that answer the questions in parentheses and make the sentence more interesting and informative. Jenny stood, raised her shotgun, aimed, and fired.( Where did Jenny stand? How did she aim? What did she fire at?) There are, of course, no single correct answers to the questions in parentheses. Sentence-expanding exercises such as this one encourage you to use your imagination to build original sentences. A List of Common Prepositions about behind except outside above below for over across beneath from past after beside in through against between inside to along beyond into under among by near until around despite of up at down off with before during on without

William Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet - 1591 Words

Shakespeare is a prominent figure present throughout history. His writing is credited as some of the most influential pieces written in English literature. Shakespeare was born in 1564 in England. He attended school, but did not further his formal education after dropping out of grammar school. In 1590, he left his wife and three children in order to become a playwright and actor. He was successful with this, and, because of his reputation, became a popular playwright in England. After his death in 1616 at the age of fifty-two, his work became some of the most reputable works of all time. They have been enjoyed as timeless classics to this day. The works I have chosen to compare are Romeo and Juliet and Much Ado About Nothing, both of†¦show more content†¦Much Ado About Nothing is a comedy nowhere near as dismal as its comparison, Romeo and Juliet. This play is centered around a couple many see as fit for marriage, except the two â€Å"lovebirds† are unable to see that for themselves. Though the courting couple may be older, their unbelievably funny wit and inability to recognize their passion for eachother is what makes this play so great! Though the plays are both of different genres, each encompassess aspects of an incredibly entertaining, informative piece. I say this because of the themes Shakespeare presents throughout the works, the complexity of characters, and the allegorical messages present throughout the plays. Both of the works I have selected are entertaining and informative pieces because of the themes Shakespeare presents throughout them. Shakespeare is known for incorporating sappy, cliched romance into his plays. Unfortunately, with Shakespeare, romance does not exclude tragedy. In my opinion, this is what makes his work so enjoyable! In Romeo and Juliet, the ongoing Montagues-Capulet family feud leads young Romeo and Juliet to have a difficult time furthering their relationship. Though madly in love, tragedy in the form of suicide strikes the both of them. In Act 5, Scene 3, Romeo and Juliet make the ultimate sacrifice and kill themselves in order to continue their love in death. Romeo chooses poison as his killer, and Juliet chooses Romeo’s dagger as hers. â€Å"O happy

Outcomes of Earnings Guidance and Management - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Outcomes of Earnings Guidance and Management. Answer: Introduction McDonald's is one of the most popular franchises in the world that serve quick food services to the people. It is a fast food company that is based out of America. It was started in 1940 and since then it has grown and spread to many countries of the world. By 1965, there were more than 700 McDonalds franchise around the world and by 1970 it became a very big international brand that was having operations in every part of the world possible. The stocks of the company are listed on the U.S stock exchange and with the expanding of the franchises the suppliers have also spread to different part of the world. McDonalds is a brand that is synonymous to happiness and people relate it with many fond memories of growing up. McDonalds Chinese Crisis. In 2014, the company faced a very big crisis that was reported worldwide. The company had more than 2000 outlets in China, but in the year of 2014, it faced a meat scandal because of which the company had to bear huge losses and their overall image was also tainted. A video surfaced that showed how contaminated meat was used to process food inside a factory in Shanghai, which was captured secretly by a local reporter. This caused wide scale uproar and it was found that meat processing factory was supplying the same to many international food brands and that raised a question on the quality of food that McDonalds was offering to its customers (Hang, Y. and Wang, M., 2014). The Shanghai Municipal Food and Drug Administration decided to investigate the matter from there on end and found that the suppliers were repacking expired meat products into new valid packets and supplying to many international brands. Most of the companies that were related to this supplier broke all ties with the m, however McDonalds continued to keep their relationship with the supplier alive(Li, et al., 2017). It believed that the quality of meat that was produced by the supplier was better then what was produced by many local markets, but later when actions were taken by the food regulation authorities it was found that the quality of meat was terrible and that had banning of many meat products like chicken wings, chicken nuggets that the company was producing. For areas that the company was having different supplier it was unaffected. But people had lost there confidence in the products and the company and were not very skeptical in buying products from areas other than China and Japan(Kohtamki, 2017). They were concerned about the health issues and the safety standards that were followed by the company. It was also seen that the company claimed that in areas around Hongkong the company was having different supplier, but it was later found that the raw material was transported from the s ame supplier. So in that way they lost confidence of the public. Therefore, it led to huge loss of revenue for the company as many of its products were banned and the company was having huge operation in China. McDonalds in Japan was also affected as more than 20 percent of the total supplies were from the same supplier(Mayntz, 2017). Graph showing the effect on the overall sale of Mcdonalds because of the crisis There were many regulations and laws that were introduced post this incident and pledge was taken to keep the food safety standards up to the mark. China and Japan accounted for more than 10 percent of the total revenue for the company. However, after this crisis the sale and revenue showed a great fall and the company had to bear huge loss. The company tried to change the flow of wind, by immediately responding to the situation and removing all such contaminated products from the market but the damage was already done and that had caused a huge loss of reputation for the company. The company suffered on many ends not just financially but also as a brand the company was affected. McDonalds China still was quick enough to response; however, the McDonalds japan failed to take the necessary steps. They removed the products from the market only after the news of the crisis suffered. They were not concerned about the health of the general public but were concerned about the financial info rmation of the company. So thus, In Japan there was huge opposition against the company and the company had to suffer very badly. Thus, this response from the company was criticized from many ends; the public came to know about the crisis from other sources, rather than company announcing the same through a proper channel of network. This created panic situation among the people and they criticized the company and for a long time they abstained from buying McDonalds product even those that were not prepared from meat(Mayntz, 2017). The press conference that the company conducted to address this issue was also a major failure. The speaker failed to address the issue correctly and was unable to convey the McDonalds part of the story. Thus, we see that the overall crisis management by the company was not up to the mark. This was the main reason why the company lost on some very valuable and loyal customer and the overall brand was also affected(Maynard, 2017). Problem solving approach by the Company Later the company tried to take the situation in hand by making people aware about the various steps that they were taking to maintain the quality standards and that they have broken all contacts with those suppliers was also communicated. The company tried to improve the overall position that it previously had by introducing new products and carrying out the overall branding and promotion based on the same. But there were many areas where the damage was too high and the company is still trying to recover from the same. It has been three years from that time, the company has taken many steps since then to make sure that they do not face any such situation in future, but there are many changes that the company can bring in its present crisis management system that would eventually help it to avoid such situations in the time to come(Pape, 2017). Problem solving Application Case (PSAC) was applied by McDonalds to address the issue that the customers were facing and something that would eventually help them to roll out new menus as per the demand of the customer. It helped McDonalds to perform really well in situations when the company was facing an economic downturn. When the meat crisis hit the company hard, it tried to give out new menus that consisted to low calories wraps and snacks at affordable prices. It was a challenge for the company to satisfy the need of the customer and provide them food as per their preference. The company also tried to satisfy the need of the customer, and make sure that they have trained professionals who can satisfy their grievances(Tian Slocum, 2016). There were complaints that the employees of the company were not able to solve their problems, so the company decided that every franchise must employ and train employees who were able to deal with the customer better. Thus we see that the comp any tried to solve the issues that cropped up because of the crisis that it faced. The major factors that was governing the flow of resources at the time of crisis management on part of the company were- Technological factors- The company needed a strong communication line that would have helped in making the public aware about the situations that the company was facing with regards to the ban. The necessary steps that they were taking for their consumer should have also been highlighted through those channels. So that would have helped in sustaining the confidence of the public in the company. But what we notice is that the company was not able to make use of any such channel effectively and that had made the overall situation worse for the company(Minnis Sutherland, 2017). Economical factors The present state of the economy in which the company was operating was also a factor that had affected the overall crisis management. The company had operations in many countries and all of these were interlinked, so the present situation of economy in those country was affecting how the company was functioning and the steps that the government was taking to make sure that the operations were stopped was also affecting the company(Saad Elshaer, 2017). Social factors The company has been in the business from decades, and the people associate with the same like their own. They had a lot of sentiments that was attached to the brand and all of that was affected because of this crisis and thus that led to the company loosing many of its loyal customers. The social stigma that it caused was also one of the factors that had affected the flow of the crisis management on part of the company(Rodriguez Kaczmarek, 2016). But there were many other models that the company could have resorted to and that would have resulted in better results. There are two models that the company could have considered that would have helped them in achieving the Profit maximizing model The company should go for such approach that could help them in maximizing the profit, and help them in recovering the losses that they have incurred because scenario where most of their products were banned (Xu, Y., 2014). The company should have gone for such an approach that would have helped in reducing the total costs that the company has incurred and would have also helped them in earning some revenues that would have helped them in achieving the break even in the future. But what we see is that the all the efforts that were put by the company were to reduce the total amount of losses and not to improve the profit elements(Lubensky, 2017). There are two approaches that the company could have taken in case of this model namely- Short run growth of the Profit This includes increased amount of profit in the shortest of time period, this may include increased efforts on part of the company that would include more items in the menus, good amount of branding and promotion, efforts to improve the customer satisfaction and introducing discounted meals so that the company can earn effective profit in small time period (Cogin, J.A. and Williamson, I.O., 2014). Long run growth of the profit- This will include changing the system entirely, that would include, changing the way the company behaves, the company tackles the crisis and making overall changes in the net cost benefit ratio, so that these changes helps the company in making increased amount of steady profit in the future. This is how the company will be able to bring changes in the core strategies that would help it in bringing long term changes in the times to come (Osman, H., Johns, N. and Lugosi, P., 2014). The company can also appoint experts in the field of finance and management that would have helped them in ensuring that in times to come, how the company can maintain its cost benefit analysis and the necessary steps that the company must take in that regard. But the short term and the long term profit methods are good and the choice depends on the company and what basis does it wants to follow to achieve the same (Pfeffer, J., Zorbach, T. and Carley, K.M., 2014). This is more of a resource based approach where the company needs to analyze the overall resources that it has, and draw up a budget on the total cost that it has incurred including the cost of the crisis and the required profit level that will help the company to break even. Thus all this needs to be researched before the company can go forward this model of crisis management (Akgn, A.E., Keskin, H. and Ayar, H., 2014). Strategic Crisis management One of the most effective used methods of dealing with such insane situations where the company is seeing that the overall trust of the public is being lost is to apply proper formula strategic analysis that will help the company to deal with such situations better. When the company came to know about the uproar that the suppliers issues had created, the company should have informed the general public through proper channels. This would have helped in marinating the overall confidence of the public in the company and the brand value would have been maintained. Also one of the major mistakes that was apparent on the part of the company was not to take such appropriate steps when the issue became relevant in Japan (Brown, R.S., 2014). Thus we see that the items should have been removed by the company before the ban on the same was stated. In this way the company would have been able to show that it cares about its customer more than its own profit. This is where the company lost its po sition of being the brand that it was and the customer also lost its confidence. Thus strategic method should be followed that would have helped the company in identifying the various routes through which communication can be given to the general public. The experts can be appointed who would have helped the company in managing the things better and would have made the situation a little better. The company could have also done market research and analysis before saying the products in Hong Kong where not made by the same supplier (Mosley, R., 2014). So we see that in this place the company lacked the basic knowledge about its own suppliers and that backfired on the company. So in future when such situation or any such crisis occurs the company should go for the strategic way, should maintain its level of composure and then the management should take the necessary steps. It is very important that the trust of the public is maintained because people makes a brand and all the activiti es of the company must be consumer centric. So thus in future the company should see to it that all the suppliers are secure, timely audits and checks must be done from the part of the company (Shakhshir, G., 2014). This will help them in maintaining their own level of safety and safety of the consumer. All the rules and regulations as set by the government in regards to food safety and standards must be followed by the company. It must be seen that all the products that the company manufacturers must see the safety standards (Loftsdttir, K., 2014). So thus we can say that by applying this strategic approach the crisis could have been handled a bit better and the overall losses that the company had incurred would have also reduced. Thus the after effects of the crisis and the damage that it did to the company would have reduced considerably (Ghobadian, A. and ORegan, N., 2014). Conclusion On the basis of the above analysis it can be said that the best approach that the company could have adopted during the time of crisis was strategic management. This had its share of advantage and would have helped the company to maintain its profitability for a longer period. It would have helped in achieving the long term goals of the company, making sure that in times to come the company does not faces any such situation(Zhao, 2017). As a consumer, once if the trust from any brand is lost, it becomes very difficult to regain the same. So in that situation it was very tough on part of the brand to proof that it was maintaining the required standards of safety and the food that it was providing to its consumer was up to the mark(Anginer Kunt, 2014). So that is where strategic management would have helped, it would have made sure that not only the situation that the brand was facing was dealt effectively, but also the regained trust of the public is affirmed. This would have helped in maintaining the long term profitability of the company and the solutions would have affected the coming times in the future the overall operations of the company. It was very important for the company to recover from such a big loss, the overall steps that the company followed were also not bad, but out of all the three models that were there, the strategic management of the crisis was the best approach(Feng Koch, 2010). References Anginer, D. Kunt, A., 2014. Has the global banking system become more fragile over time?. Journal of Financial Stability, Volume 13, pp. 202-213. Akgn, A.E., Keskin, H. and Ayar, H., 2014. Standardization and adaptation of international marketing mix activities: A case study.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,150, pp.609-618. Brown, R.S., 2014. Double moral hazard and franchising: a dual case study approach.Journal of Organizational Culture, Communication and Conflict,18(2), p.15. Cogin, J.A. and Williamson, I.O., 2014. Standardize or customize: The interactive effects of HRM and environment uncertainty on MNC subsidiary performance.Human resource management,53(5), pp.701-721. Feng, M. Koch, A., 2010. Once Bitten, Twice Shy: The Relation between Outcomes of Earnings Guidance and Management Guidance Strategy. The Accounting Review, 85(6), pp. 1951-198. Ghobadian, A. and ORegan, N., 2014. A case study and interview with Jill McDonald CEO and President of McDonald's Northern Europe Division.Journal of Strategy and Management,7(1), pp.87-100. Kohtamki, M., 2017. Real-time Strategy and Business Intelligence: Digitizing Practices and Systems. Finland: Palgrave Macmillan. Li, Y., Phau, I., Lu, W. Teah, M., 2017. Crisis management of food security scandals in China: Motivations and solutions towards purchase intention. Journal Of Consumer Behaviour. Lubensky, D., 2017. A model of recommended retail prices. The RAND Journal of Economics, 48(2), pp. 358-386. Loftsdttir, K., 2014. Iceland, rejected by McDonald's: desire and anxieties in a global crisis.Social Anthropology,22(3), pp.340-353. Maynard, J., 2017. Financial Accounting, Reporting, and Analysis. SECOND ed. s.l.:Oxford University Press. Mayntz, R., 2017. Networked Governance. s.l.:Springer. Minnis, M. Sutherland, A., 2017. Financial Statements as Monitoring Mechanisms: Evidence from Small Commercial Loans. Journal of Accounting Research, 55(1), pp. 197-233. Mosley, R., 2014.Employer brand management: Practical lessons from the world's leading employers. John Wiley Sons. Osman, H., Johns, N. and Lugosi, P., 2014. Commercial hospitality in destination experiences: McDonald's and tourists' consumption of space.Tourism Management,42, pp.238-247 Pfeffer, J., Zorbach, T. and Carley, K.M., 2014. Understanding online firestorms: Negative word-of-mouth dynamics in social media networks.Journal of Marketing Communications,20(1-2), pp.117-128. Pape, T., 2017. Value of agreement in decision analysis: Concept, measures and application. Computers Operations Research, Volume 80, pp. 82-93. Rodriguez, J. Kaczmarek, P., 2016. Visualizing Financial Statements. s.l.:s.n. Saad, S. Elshaer, I., 2017. Organizational Politics and Validity of Layoff Decisions: Mediating Role of Distributive Justice of Performance Appraisal. Journal of Hospitality Marketing Management, 26(8), pp. 805-828. Shakhshir, G., 2014. Positioning strategies development.The Annals Of The University Of Oradea,977, pp.416-437. Tian, X. Slocum, J., 2016. Managing corporate social responsibility. Organizational Dynamics, Volume 45, pp. 39-46. Xu, Y., 2014. Understanding CSR from the perspective of Chinese diners: the case of McDonalds.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,26(6), pp.1002-1020. Hang, Y. and Wang, M., 2014. Prediction and analysis of fresh food cold chain logistics demand. In2014 International Conference on Mechatronics, Electronic, Industrial and Control Engineering. MEIC(pp. 1686-1689). Zhao, H., 2017. The Impacts of Contextual Factors on Social Media Crises: Implications for Crisis Communication Strategy Selection. International Journal of Strategic Communication, 11(1), pp. 42-60.

The Chemistry Of Photography Essays - Photographic Processes

The Chemistry Of Photography Photography is a very complex form of art, which uses standard chemicals and scientific equations. It is a chemical reaction, which occurs when light hits a film or paper emulsion. An emulsion is part of the film or paper, which is very sensitive to light. This is also the part where the chemical reaction takes place. In an emulsion, are small crystals of silver halide, silver bromide, silver chloride, or silver iodide [Eaton, George]. These chemical crystals react with light when it is passed through a camera, to create an image on paper [Foto Info]. The development of film production has a very simple chemical equation, most widely known as: Light + Ag(X) ? Ag + (X) This equation expresses how when any form of light is added to silver X, it creates silver plus the X [Mad Scientist]. In most cases, the AgX represents one of the compounds above. In the photographic process, there are three main chemicals used. These are the developer, the stop bath, and the fixer. The developer, or the reducer, is the chemical that completes the reaction with the light exposure, by reacting with the silver, to create metallic silver [Britannica Online]. This process is called reduction. Common reducers used are hydroquinone, phenidone, metol, pyro, and absorbic acid. If you combine two of these reducers, it creates superadditivity. Some common combinations are metol and hydroquinone, which produce MQ, or phenidone and hydroquinone, which produce PQ. [Foto Info] Each of the chemicals used in the developer have their own specific qualities and features. When hydroquinone is used alone, it can be a very slow reducer. When metol is used, it brings out detail very quickly. Phenidone is almost never used by itself. If it is combined with hydroquinone, it keeps detail, but at the same time, it increases contrast. If used alone, it is very fast but has low contrast. One of the less commonly used of these developers is pyro. This is an older developer, and is also known as pyrogallol. Pyro leaves a stain on the negative while it develops it. Most people who use this developer want that stain as part of an effect, because it ends up softening the image. Finally, absorbic acid has been used for quite some time to develop film. [Foto Info] The Kodak DK-50 is a fast developer, which produces a clean image on the paper. A breakdown of the chemicals involved looks like this: Water 52 degrees centigrade 750 ml Metol 2.5 grams Sodium Silfite, anhydrous 30 grams Hydroquinone 2.5 grams Balanced Alkali 10 grams Potassium Bromide, anhydrous 0.5 grams [Kodak] This shows the amounts of each chemical added. If you change the amount of these chemicals, or add different ones, the developer will create different qualities in the pictures it makes. An example is in the Kodak D-76 Developer. This developer is good for shadow detail, and has normal contrast. The makeup of this developer looks like this: Water 52 degrees centigrade 750 ml Metol 2 grams Sodium Silfite, anhydrous 100 grams Hydroquinone 5 grams Borax 2 grams [Kodak] A stop bath makes sure the developer does not develop any more than it should, by stopping it [Britannica Online]. This is needed because there is always some extra developer in the emulsion. A developer has a pH higher than seven, and is therefore a base. Most photographers use acetic acid as their stop baths [Foto Info]. This acid neutralizes the developer, causing it to stop. Another simple stop bath is water. The only problem with this is that water will not stop the development of the photo instantly. This is generally not a problem, unless the artist has a specific look that they are trying to achieve. The last chemical in the photography process is the fixer. The fixer breaks up the un-exposed silver salts in the emulsion. Then, you will be able to view the photograph outside of the darkroom, because it will no longer have a chemical reaction with the light. There are six components of the fixer. They are the solvent, the fixing agent, acid, preservative, hardener, and the buffer [Woodson, Roger]. The solvent is usually water, which dissolves the chemicals, including the silver thiosulfate complexes that were formed. The fixing agent is usually sodium thiosulfate or ammonium thiosulfate. The difference between